Parkinson's linked to higher levels of pheomelanin in brain: Could it be a biomarker or treatment target? ParkinsonsDisease DOPA Pheomelanin Eumelanin DOPA Dopamine Neuromelanin ELSneuroscience
By Dr. Chinta SidharthanApr 6 2023Reviewed by Benedette Cuffari, M.Sc. In a recent study published in Progress in Neurobiology, researchers discover that the substantia nigra of individuals with Parkinson’s disease had a higher concentration of pheomelanin, as well as pheomelanin markers associated with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine, than healthy controls.
The melanic portion of the neuromelanin pigment comprises eumelanin, which is a black/brown pigment, and pheomelanin moieties derived from a two-to-one ratio of dopamine to cysteine. Various catecholic metabolites formed through the oxidation and reduction of dopamine and norepinephrine are believed to be incorporated in the neuromelanin pigments in the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra.
Post-mortem samples of the ventral midbrain were obtained from cohorts comprising individuals who had Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and no neurological disorders confirmed from neuropathological assessments. These samples were homogenized and analyzed to determine the level of neuromelanin pigments and proportions of pheomelanin and eumelanin moieties.
DOPA- and dopamine-derived eumelanin levels were low; however, DOPA-derived pheomelanin levels were higher than those of the dopamine-derived pheomelanin. Notably, in post-mortem tissue samples from individuals with Alzheimer's disease, melanin-associated markers in the substantia nigra remained unaltered, despite low DOPA levels.
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