Although cars run cleaner than ever, a phenomenon with direct-injection systems makes it not always appear that way.
In the past, a black tailpipe in a gasoline-powered car meant one thing: a fuel mix that was too rich, or sub-stoichiometric, causing unburned hydrocarbons to coat the inside of the tailpipe. Today’s engines run three-way catalysts to scrub any unburned hydrocarbons that escape the various other emission-control systems, leaving very few to darken our tailpipes.
And yet, many modern tailpipes are blackened. According to John Hoard, an associate research scientist in the mechanical engineering department at the University of Michigan, gasoline direct-injection engines, like diesel engines, have a tendency to produce particulate matter, also known as soot.
Modern diesel engines have particulate filters to counter soot production. Diesel particulate filters occasionally run a regeneration mode in which the exhaust temperature is increased and the trapped soot burns off, reducing filter pressure. In most cars this happens in the background without the driver having any knowledge of its occurrence, though owners of modern diesel vehicles know when this happens as fuel economy drops precipitously.
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