El Niño events generate complex weather patterns every two to seven years that cause drastic and sometimes dangerous changes in weather. Here’s what causes El Niño events—and why they're so hard to predict
The events can last for as long as a year, though the warming tends to be strongest during the Northern Hemisphere’s fall and winter months—. In fact, that timing is the source of the name: “El Niño” means “male child” in Spanish, and also refers to the baby Jesus. Fishermen in South America, who have long known and described the phenomenon, called it “El Niño” because the some of the biggest effects spin up around Christmas—and the name stuck.
: California and the Horn of Africa dampen, for example, while the rains that generally drench India during monsoon season weaken, and the Indian subcontinent dries out slightly.Why El Niños happen In a normal year, as the trade winds drag waters from the sun-warmed surface eastward, away from the edge of South and Central America, they draw up cold water from deep below, “” the chilly, nutrient-rich seas. The trade winds also usually induce upwelling of deep, cold waters near the equator.
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