An international team has discovered galaxies that were around less than 350 million years after the Big Bang
, an international team of 80 astronomers from 10 countries has discovered the four oldest galaxies ever observed, including one that dates back to just 320 million years after the Big Bang, when the universe was only 2% of its current age.
The quartet of ancient galaxies were found in a patch of sky known as the Hubble Space Telescope’s Ultra Deep Field, a relatively small region that is nonetheless home to an estimated 100,000 galaxies. Hubble studied the deep field for more than 20 years, but the telescope was always limited in what it could detect. That’s because HST sees principally in the visible spectrum.
Ancient galaxies are confirmed by more than just their redshift. Their chemistry plays a key role too. In the universe’s earliest epochs, metals and relatively heavy elements like oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen had yet to form, since those are created in the explosions of stars known as supernovas—and those stars had yet to form. The two principal ingredients in the universe’s initial recipe book were ultralight hydrogen and helium.
“It was crucial to prove that these galaxies do, indeed, inhabit the early universe,” said astronomer and co-author Emma Curtis-Lake of the U.K.’s University of Hertfordshire, in the ESA statement. “Seeing the spectrum revealed as we hoped, confirming these galaxies as being at the true edge of our view…is a tremendously exciting achievement for the mission.”
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