A new study shows that modern humans produce more neurons during their development than Neanderthals due to a slight variation in one of the proteins present in the brain.
show that humans boast a similar sized brain to the Neanderthals, almost no research weighs in on whether we produce similar amounts of neurons to our closest cousins. That is, until now., researchers identified a variation in one of the proteins in our brains that bolsters our brain progenitor cell counts. This suggests that our species makes more neurons during our development than the Neanderthals did during theirs around 130,000 to 40,000 years ago.
They are focusing on the protein TKTL1, which is present in the frontal lobes of the neocortexes of both modern humans and Neanderthals with only a single variation in their sequences of amino acid building blocks. To be specific, the only difference between the two is that the TKTL1 protein contains an occurrence of arginine in a particular spot of its modern human sequence and lysine in the same spot of its Neanderthal sequence.
Hoping to solidify these findings further, the team then tested the two variants on human brain organoids, artificial tissues made from stem cells to mimic the human brain. Using these tissues, they substituted the modern human variant with the Neanderthal variant to see whether the switch would impact the human brain.
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