China dominates the global supply chain for lithium-ion batteries. Now rival countries are scrambling for more control over “white oil.”
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, home to almost all of the world’s cobalt, another critical component of lithium-ion batteries.
This dominance didn’t happen overnight. In 2015, China made lithium a national priority as part of its “Made in 2025” industrial strategy. An estimated $60 billion in electric vehicle subsidies helped create a market and the battery supply chain to go with it. Battery companies have invested billions in domestic sources of lithium in a way that’s been impossible elsewhere in the world.
But China isn’t producing nearly enough lithium to satisfy its domestic appetite—and besides, only about 10 percent of the material that goes into a battery is actually lithium. The country still relies on imports of cobalt, nickel, copper, and graphite, which ensures a degree of mutual cooperation for now. “It’s really an interwoven system,” says Lukasz Bednarski, a battery materials analyst and author of. “The Western world and China are sort of codependent.
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