How a massacre on March 22, 1622 irrevocably shaped relations between Indigenous Americans and English colonists
Mancall is the Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities, Professor of History and Anthropology, and the Linda and Harlan Martens Director of the USC-Huntington Early Modern Studies Institute. His latest book isn March 22, 1622, Powhatan fighters killed 347 English colonists in Virginia. The English quickly called it a “massacre.” The colony, founded in 1607, could have collapsed.
As an historian who has written about the difficulties that the English faced trying to establish a presence in North America, I believe that the violence that began on March 22, 1622, represented a decisive turning point in American history. Before that fateful day, the records show that English colonists had hoped to coexist with Indigenous Americans around Chesapeake Bay.
In January 1615, Pocahontas gave birth to their son Thomas. Soon after, the family sailed for England. Pocahontas converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca. In 1616, she sat for a portrait by the engraver Simon van de Passe, who depicted her dressed like an elite English woman in a classic Renaissance-stye pose.
The rebellion of 1622 shocked the English. Less than two years earlier, the Pilgrims had arrived at the Wampanoag community of Patuxet . While the newcomers fared poorly the first winter when almost one-half of them died, they benefited from an earlier epidemic that had killed many Natives in coastal New England. For a time, at least, English believed they could live among the remaining Indigenous of the region, at least in part because there was less competition for resources.
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