Study suggests short-termmemory can be impacted by expectations PLOSONE
Experiment 2 confirms the findings of Experiment 1 that expectation-based illusory memories in STM exist, and occur even when the memory display has only just disappeared from view. As in Experiment 1, Experiment 2 clearly shows that, as memory declines, memory illusions become more prevalent, suggesting that the role of internal expectations in shaping memory reports increases.
However, transiently generated expectations, in this case provided by a cue about the prevalence of real versus pseudo-letters targets, had no effect on the prevalence of illusory memories. This is consistent with the notion that expectations need substantial time to develop before they can affect explicit, high confidence memories.
Experiment 1 and 2 consistently show that participants are more inclined to mistakenly report having seen the real counterpart of a pseudo-letter target, and that these pseudo-to-real illusions are more likely than reporting real-to-pseudo illusions. If this is caused by the unbalanced stimulus sets, then Experiment 3 should show that participants exposed to a balanced stimulus set are equally likely to confuse a pseudo-letter with its real counterpart as the other way around.
The relative occurrence of illusory memories was analyzed in an ANOVA with target type , and type of error as independent variables. Because of listwise deletion of missing values , one participant was excluded from the main ANOVA. The aim of this experiment was to test whether illusory memories based on expectations about the world still arise when the stimulus set contains the same proportion of familiar stimuli as novel stimuli . Therefore, only Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 3 are tested. These hypotheses would be supported by the observation of a main effect of Error Type and an interaction between Error Type and Target Type.
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