Christopher Clark thinks the sacrifices of revolutionaries across Europe were not wholly in vain
, nationalism, conservative monarchism and even corporatism. After 1848 Europe rapidly became a very different place. Even conservative regimes or authoritarian ones embraced technological and administrative methods to improve living standards for workers and the bourgeoisie.
Writers and analysts documented and publicised this “social question”, among them Ange Guépin and Eugène Bonamy, two French doctors; Bettina von Arnim, a German author and activist; and. Penury was not, in the end, the spark that ignited the revolution. But it provided the fuel, in the form of a desperate urban working class.
As the riots spread, the inevitable happened. A shot was fired; soldiers defending the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from a surging crowd panicked and killed 52 people. Events then moved with astonishing speed. It was, writes Professor Clark, “amoment”. Hundreds of barricades went up. Soldiers of the National Guard refused to shoot, embracing their fellow citizens instead. On February 23rd Guizot and his ministry resigned. Louis-Philippe, the king, abdicated.
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