Multilevel polarization switching in ferroelectric thin films ETH_en NatureComms
films with the ferroelectric polarization along the out-of-plane-oriented\}={\chi }_{{xzx}}^{}={\chi }_{{yyz}}^{}={\chi }_{{xxz}}^{}\)
. To obtain a non-zero SHG signal from an out-of-plane polarization and to spatially resolve the SHG images, a reflection setup with a 45° angle of incidence was used. The incident light was polarized along the-axis perpendicular to the plane of reflection and the image was created by SHG light polarized parallel to the reflection plane to selectively probe thetensor component.
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