Most states in West Africa lack reliable data on the number and origin of migrants living within their borders. Rulers often exploit this lack of clarity in a way that consolidates their own position of power. Biometric ID technologies play a key role in this process, enabling participation in elections even in the absence of citizenship.
All data are simultaneously stored in the national identity database . Anyone who is a resident of Nigeria, with or without Nigerian citizenship, is entitled to use this form of digital biometric registration without restriction. However, a national e-ID card is already a sufficient prerequisite for participation in elections. This is because it entitles the holder to be issued a permanently valid voter card, which in turn allows voting in all future elections in Nigeria.
At the same time, however, they do not have the citizenship rights and travel documents provided for in the constitution, which limits their ability to travel to other countries for economic or social reasons. This"immobilization," in turn, is incompatible with the freedom of movement between states to which the member states of the Economic Community of West African States —including Nigeria—had committed themselves as early as 1979.
Those in power, in turn, exploit this paradoxical situation to consolidate their position of power: They regard migrants, who often live in precarious conditions, as an attractive clientele that can be easily mobilized and persuaded to vote, also with the help of electoral gifts. It even happens that the government distributes additional voter cards to migrants, which leads to multiple voting and thus to election manipulation.
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