Black holes in the extraordinarily distant cosmos are out of tune with their host galaxies, offering insights into their formation
Proportions—think of the golden ratio and its kindred—are the bedrock of our reality, found in everything from music to the structure of the cosmos. Discerning them is the source of our empirical knowledge of the world. Leveraging proportions also allows the hidden to be seen, in ways that can seem almost magical. On Earth, paleontologists can estimate the size of a long-extinct dinosaur, for instance, by digging just its thigh bone from the ground—because the part is proportional to the whole.
In recent decades, observations have shown that supermassive black holes, millions or billions of times more massive than our sun, reside at the centers of large galaxies, including the Milky Way. In the nearby universe, an elegant ratio reigns: the mass of each central black hole is around 0.1 percent, or one thousandth, of the starry mass of each host galaxy.
As astrophysicists say, these faraway black holes are “overmassive” with respect to their hosts compared to those we find in galaxies around us today. Many JWST observations, for example in the JADES and CEERS surveys, now support this conclusion. We are witnessing a population of infant black holes overgrowing their nurseries and flourishing faster than expected in the distant, early universe.
Why does this ratio not rule in the early universe? Why was the music so different back then? The implications of these questions are rippling through the very foundations of astrophysics as, for the first time with JWST, we observe the early moments of black hole formation and co-evolution with galaxies. Some recent studies argue that these observations provide the best evidence yet that some black holes were born massive.
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