Archaeologists in England used a tooth enamel analysis to confirm that a 2,000-year-old burial contained a female warrior.
A 2,000-year-old burial unearthed in England has stumped archaeologists since its discovery more than 20 years ago; interred alongside the human remains were a sword, a weapon associated with male warriors, but also a mirror, an object frequently buried with women.
Archaeologists originally found the mysterious, first-century-B.C. burial site in 1999. Because the cist, or stone-lined grave, contained an iron sword, researchers at the time concluded that the person buried there was likely a man. However, since the grave also contained a bronze mirror equipped with a handle, experts were perplexed about the individual's sex, according to a statement. The burial also contained a metal brooch, spiral ring and the remains of a shield.
The buried skeleton was poorly preserved and the DNA within had deteriorated, so to determine the sex, scientists turned to the individual's teeth. The person's tooth enamel contained a form of the amelogenin peptide — a short chain of amino acids key to enamel formation — that's encoded by a gene found only on the X chromosome. They found no trace of the Y-chromosome version of amelogenin, suggesting that the individual did not have a Y chromosome.
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