Are the olfactory responses of patients in a coma or vegetativestate signs of consciousness?
). We used a blank pen as the baseline to exclude the behavioral responses induced by visual stimuli. During the experiment, the odorant and blank pens were randomly presented to the patients for approximately 5 s. Each pen was presented approximately five times with 30 s intervals in a block design. There were two blocks with 2 min intervals. The protocol used was similar to that used in a previous study . E-prime 3.0 was used to design the experiments. The total number of marks were recorded.
EEG preprocessing was conducted using the EEGLAB toolbox in MATLAB . The EEG data were filtered between 0.5 and 45 Hz and down-sampled to 500 Hz. The EEG signals were segmented into 10 s epochs using the markers. Independent Component Analysis was used to eliminate the artifacts caused by muscle activity and eye movements. Epochs containing obvious artifacts were manually deleted via visual inspection. A semi-automated process was used to exclude epochs with activity exceeding ±100 μV.
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Frontiers | The human functioning revolution: implications for health systems and sciencesThe World Health Organization (WHO) concept of human functioning represents a new way of thinking about health that has wide-ranging consequences. This article explicates this paradigm shift, illus...
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Frontiers | Public health and medical preparedness for mass casualties from the deliberate release of synthetic opioidsThe large amounts of opioids and the emergence of increasingly potent illicitly manufactured synthetic opioids circulating in the unregulated drug supply in North America and Europe are fueling not only the ongoing public health crisis of overdose deaths but also raise the risk of another type of disaster: deliberate opioid release with the intention to cause mass harm. Synthetic opioids are highly potent, rapidly acting, can cause fatal ventilatory depression, are widely available, and have the potential to be disseminated for mass exposure, for example, if effectively formulated, via inhalation or ingestion. As in many other chemical incidents, the health consequences of a deliberate release of synthetic opioid would manifest quickly, within minutes. Such an incident is unlikely, but the consequences could be grave. Awareness of the risk of this type of incident and preparedness to respond are required to save lives and reduce illness. Coordinated planning across the entire local community emergency response system is also critical. The ability to rapidly recognize the opioid toxidrome, education on personal protective actions, and training in medical management of individuals experiencing an opioid overdose are key components of preparedness for an opioid mass casualty incident.
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Frontiers | Psychiatric disorders and the onset of self-reported fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: The lifelines cohort studyIntroduction: This study aimed to assess whether psychiatric disorders predict onset of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) which develop in the presence of pre-existing muscle pain or fatigue. Methods: The population-based Lifelines cohort study included 148,614 adults with relevant data for the fibromyalgia study and 136,423 for the CFS study. Participants with prior self-reported fibromyalgia (or CFS) at baseline were excluded from the relevant analysis. At follow-up (mean 2.4 years) new onsets of each syndrome were identified by self-report. Logistic regression was used to identify which of the baseline variables predicted new onsets of each syndrome. Prior to the analyses the samples were divided into those with and without marked muscle pain (for fibromyalgia analysis) or persistent fatigue (for CFS). Results. During follow-up there were 685/136,423 (0.5%) new onsets of self-reported FM in participants without marked muscle pain and 281/7481 (3.75%) in those with such pain; for CFS it was 292/124,223 (0.2%) for those without and 192/10,025 (1.9%) for those with baseline fatigue. In both univariate and logistic regression analyses of participants with prior persistent fatigue psychiatric disorder was clearly associated with onset of CFS. This was not so for onset of fibromyalgia in participants with prior muscle pain. Discussion. Although psychiatric disorders did not predict self-reported fibromyalgia or CFS in participants free of pain or fatigue at baseline, in this study psychiatric disorder did predict self-reported CFS in the presence of pre-existing fatigue. Progress in understanding the aetiology of these disorders may require studying separately onsets with and without pre-existing key symptoms.
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Frontiers | The human functioning revolution: implications for health systems and sciencesThe World Health Organization (WHO) concept of human functioning represents a new way of thinking about health that has wide-ranging consequences. This article explicates this paradigm shift, illus...
Weiterlesen »
Frontiers | Public health and medical preparedness for mass casualties from the deliberate release of synthetic opioidsThe large amounts of opioids and the emergence of increasingly potent illicitly manufactured synthetic opioids circulating in the unregulated drug supply in North America and Europe are fueling not only the ongoing public health crisis of overdose deaths but also raise the risk of another type of disaster: deliberate opioid release with the intention to cause mass harm. Synthetic opioids are highly potent, rapidly acting, can cause fatal ventilatory depression, are widely available, and have the potential to be disseminated for mass exposure, for example, if effectively formulated, via inhalation or ingestion. As in many other chemical incidents, the health consequences of a deliberate release of synthetic opioid would manifest quickly, within minutes. Such an incident is unlikely, but the consequences could be grave. Awareness of the risk of this type of incident and preparedness to respond are required to save lives and reduce illness. Coordinated planning across the entire local community emergency response system is also critical. The ability to rapidly recognize the opioid toxidrome, education on personal protective actions, and training in medical management of individuals experiencing an opioid overdose are key components of preparedness for an opioid mass casualty incident.
Weiterlesen »