Intradialytic oral nutritional supplementation and dietary counseling for three months are more effective than dietary counseling alone in terms of improving nutritional status and inflammation in chronic hemodialysis patients, finds a study in BMCNephrol
The primary outcome of this study was the change in serum albumin level. The secondary outcomes were the changes in other biochemical nutritional and inflammatory markers, including serum prealbumin, cholesterol, total iron binding capacity , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , and ferritin; dry weight and BMI as surrogates for body mass; serum creatinine/BSA and lean body weight as surrogates for muscle mass; nPNA as a surrogate for dietary protein intake; and the composite French PEW score.
The serum albumin levels were measured using the bromocresol green method. High-sensitivity CRP was measured using turbidometric immunoassay . Other chemical measurements, such as serum prealbumin, total cholesterol, TIBC, creatinine, urea, ferritin, calcium, phosphorus, iPTH, and hemoglobin, were performed using routine methods. Blood samples were collected before the mid-week HD sessions.
Sixty-four patients met the inclusion criteria and were randomly allocated 1:1 in both groups. Four patients dropped out before the end of the study: two in the IG due to acute infection, two in the CG due to renal transplantation, and one transferred to another dialysis unit. Consequently, 60 patients were included in the final analysis . The mean age of the patients was 54 ± 12.7 years, and the mean dialysis vintage was 64 ± 49.3 months.
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Years later, Façade's groundbreaking AI lives on through bad YouTube jokesLuke Winkie is a freelance journalist and contributor to many publications, including PC Gamer, The New York Times, Gawker, Slate, and Mel Magazine. In between bouts of writing about Hearthstone, World of Warcraft and Twitch culture here on PC Gamer, Luke also publishes the newsletter On Posting. As a self-described 'chronic poster,' Luke has 'spent hours deep-scrolling through surreptitious Likes tabs to uncover the root of intra-publication beef and broken down quote-tweet animosity like it’s Super Bowl tape.' When he graduated from journalism school, he had no idea how bad it was going to get.
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Increased Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity of Drd1- and Drd2- expressing Prelimbic Neurons Projecting to Nucleus Accumbens after Heroin Abstinence are Reversed by Cue-induced Relapse and Protein Kinase A InhibitionDysregulation of the input from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) contributes to cue-induced opioid seeking but the heterogeneity in, and regulation of, prelimbic (PL)-PFC to NAc (PL-|NAc) neurons that are altered has not been comprehensively explored. Recently, baseline and opiate withdrawal-induced differences in intrinsic excitability of Drd1+ (D1+) vs. Drd2+ (D2+) PFC neurons have been demonstrated. Thus, here we investigated physiological adaptations of PL-|NAc D1+ vs. D2+ neurons after heroin abstinence and cue-induced relapse. Drd1- and Drd2-Cre+ transgenic male Long-Evans rats with virally labeled PL-|NAc neurons were trained to self-administer heroin followed by one week of forced abstinence. Heroin abstinence significantly increased intrinsic excitability in D1+ and D2+ PL-|NAc neurons and increased postsynaptic strength selectively in D1+ neurons. These changes were normalized by cue-induced relapse to heroin seeking. Based on protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent changes in the phosphorylation of plasticity-related proteins in the PL cortex during abstinence and cue-induced relapse to cocaine seeking, we assessed whether the electrophysiological changes in D1+ and D2+ PL-|NAc neurons during heroin abstinence were regulated by PKA. In heroin-abstinent PL slices, application of the PKA antagonist, RP-cAMPs, reversed intrinsic excitability in both D1+ and D2+ neurons and postsynaptic strength in only D1+ neurons. Additionally, in vivo bilateral intra-PL infusion of RP-cAMPs after abstinence from heroin inhibited cue-induced relapse to heroin seeking. These data reveal that PKA activity in D1+ and D2+ PL-|NAc neurons is not only required for abstinence-induced physiological adaptations but is also required for cue-induced relapse to heroin seeking. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Neuronal plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex is thought to underlie relapse to drug seeking, yet the subpopulation of neurons that express this plasticity to func
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