🔄FROM THE ARCHIVE: Albert Einstein’s simple yet powerful equation revolutionized physics by connecting the mass of an object with its energy for the first time.
It is perhaps the most famous equation in the world, and also one of the most elegant. Einstein’s legendary equivalence between mass and energy, given the simple formula E=mc^2, is familiar even to schoolchildren.
The physics underpinning the equation are appropriately heady and complex. But for the rest of us, the significance of Einstein’s formula boils down largely to one thing: There’s a huge amount of energy bound inside the matter surrounding us. The equation equates the energy of a body in its rest frame, the E on the left-hand side of the formula, to an object’s mass multiplied by the speed of light squared.
A common misconception surrounding Einstein’s formula is that mass can be converted into energy. That’s not actually quite true, nor is it what Einstein meant when he set down his revolutionary idea. Instead, his equation shows that a change in the mass of an object requires a change in its energy. It’s the reason why the end products of nuclear reactions together weigh less than their parent atoms. When protons and neutrons split off from atoms during nuclear fission, they release energy.
The paradox is resolved with a slightly expanded, lesser-known version of the equation. This formulation adds in momentum, or p, and also multiplies it by the speed of light. Written out, the equation is: E^2=p^2c^2 + m^2c^4. In the case of a photon, for which m=0, the equation boils down to E=pc. Because photons move at the speed of light regardless of where we view them from, they have momentum, and therefore energy.
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