Childhood and adolescent obesity: time to act Obesity ChildHealth BodyMassIndex BMI Prediabetes Type2Diabetes Cholesterol Hypertension NAFLD FrontPediatrics MedicalCollege
Study: Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: A Review. Image Credit: ChameleonsEye / Shutterstock
Pathophysiology and health implications of obesity Obesity is a chronic condition with a multifactorial etiology involving developmental, biological, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. These factors contribute to an energy imbalance, with energy intake greater than energy expenditure. The intestine-brain axis is critically involved in satiety and hunger. The hypothalamus of the brain, particularly the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus , controls food intake and is primarily controlled by two hormones, ghrelin, the orexigenic hormone that stimulates hunger, and leptin, the anorexigenic hormone, which has opposite effects.
Genetics & Genomics eBook Compilation of the top interviews, articles, and news in the last year. Download a free copy Obesity is associated with several comorbidities, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea , dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease . Obesity increases the risk of precocious puberty, menstrual irregularities, and cardiometabolic disorders.
Screen time must be reduced, and children must be encouraged to engage in outdoor activities. Taxing unhealthy and processed foods, banning advertisements of unhealthy, high-calorie fast foods, reducing meal portions, and increasing accessibility to playgrounds and open spaces could improve dietary intake among children and adults, reducing body mass index values commonly used to evaluate obesity.
Interventions such as hydrogel technology and probiotic supplements to restore intestinal microbiome balance have been tried. Studies have reported that pregnant females who received docosahexaenoic acid gave birth to less obese children. Vitamin E has been used to reduce obesity-associated comorbidities.
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Bayesian network modelling to identify on-ramps to childhood obesity - BMC MedicineBackground When tackling complex public health challenges such as childhood obesity, interventions focused on immediate causes, such as poor diet and physical inactivity, have had limited success, largely because upstream root causes remain unresolved. A priority is to develop new modelling frameworks to infer the causal structure of complex chronic disease networks, allowing disease “on-ramps” to be identified and targeted. Methods The system surrounding childhood obesity was modelled as a Bayesian network, using data from The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The existence and directions of the dependencies between factors represent possible causal pathways for childhood obesity and were encoded in directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). The posterior distribution of the DAGs was estimated using the Partition Markov chain Monte Carlo. Results We have implemented structure learning for each dataset at a single time point. For each wave and cohort, socio-economic status was central to the DAGs, implying that socio-economic status drives the system regarding childhood obesity. Furthermore, the causal pathway socio-economic status and/or parental high school levels → parental body mass index (BMI) → child’s BMI existed in over 99.99% of posterior DAG samples across all waves and cohorts. For children under the age of 8 years, the most influential proximate causal factors explaining child BMI were birth weight and parents’ BMI. After age 8 years, free time activity became an important driver of obesity, while the upstream factors influencing free time activity for boys compared with girls were different. Conclusions Childhood obesity is largely a function of socio-economic status, which is manifest through numerous downstream factors. Parental high school levels entangle with socio-economic status, and hence, are on-ramp to childhood obesity. The strong and independent causal relationship between birth weight and childhood BMI suggests a biological link. Our study imp
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